Editor's note

The history of the Communist Party of China is a chapter composed by 100 years of sweat and blood of the Communist Party of China. From this issue, we have published the struggle history of the Communist Party of China in general.It is divided into two parts: The first part is the history of the Party before the founding of the People's Republic of China.The second part is the party history after the founding of the People's Republic of China.The first half of the history of the party before the founding of the People's Republic is published today.

The history of the Party before the founding of the People's Republic of China can be divided into five stages: (1) the founding of the Communist Party of China in the early revolutionary period (1919.5-1923.12);(2) the First Revolutionary Civil War (1924.1--1927.7); (3) the Second Revolutionary Civil War (1927.8 -- 1937.7);④ During the Anti-Japanese War (1937.7 -- 1948.8);⑤ During the Third Revolutionary Civil War (that is, the War of Liberation) (1945.8 -- 1949.9).

The founding of the Communist Party of China and its early revolutionary activities.

The birth of the Communist Party of China is not accidental, it is the inevitable result of the development of modern Chinese society, is the combination of Marxism and the Chinese workers' movement.The communist party of China is October revolution in Russia and China under the influence of the may fourth movement, the communist international help in Leninism is born, since birth, it is a guided by the marxist theory, in order to realize the communist social system as the ultimate goal, to the organizing principles of democratic centralism and unity, the new revolution of the proletariat political party.Since its birth, the Communist Party of China has applied the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism, formulated the Party's program of democratic revolution and the strategy of revolutionary united front, and initiated and led workers to wage strikes, thus making full preparations for a new upsurge of the people's revolutionary movement.

1. Chinese society before the birth of the CPC.

Ever since the British government launched the Opium War against China in 1840, Chinese society has undergone profound changes under the aggression and oppression of world capitalism and imperialism, and has gradually evolved from a feudal society into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal one.In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, on the one hand, it destroyed the natural economic foundation of self-sufficiency in China, destroyed the urban and peasant handicraft industry, created commodity market and labor market for the development of Chinese capitalism, and promoted the development of commodity economy and national capitalism in urban and rural China.On the other hand, and hindered the development of Chinese capitalism, the capitalist world, because the purpose of the imperialist aggression against China, is to turn China into their colonies, they not only use of political, military and economic means, direct compression, for China's national industry also to keep China's feudal form of exploitation and the superstructure,By using the Chinese landlord class as an instrument and pillar of their rule, they are hindering and undermining the development of China's productive forces.Ever since then, the Chinese people have been subjected to triple oppression and exploitation by imperialism, feudal capitalism and the feudal landlord class, and are now in dire danger.

What is the way out for China?How can the Chinese people become masters of their own country and develop China's social productive forces?A large number of aspirant Chinese people in the cry, in the search for the road to save the country......In 1911, the bourgeois revolutionary Sun Yat-sen led the revolution of the bourgeois old democracy, overthrew the Qing dynasty, put an end to China's more than 2,000 years of feudal monarchy and established the Republic of China.But the good times did not last long. The achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, head of the Northern Warlord.For the sake of imperial rule, Yuan Shikai actively took refuge with imperialism, brutally suppressed the revolutionary people and bloodily slaughtered the revolutionary personages.From then on, warlords all over the country split up, and China fell into disunity.This is the status quo of Chinese society before the founding of the Party.

(2) The May 4th Movement, the spread of Marxism in China.

Under the influence of the Revolution of 1911, a large number of visionary people were looking for a way to save the country, and the New Culture Movement appeared in China.The main representatives were Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, and a large number of bourgeois nationalists such as Hu Shi, who advocated democracy, peace and freedom, attacked the feudal ethics and spread western culture.In 1917, in particular, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia had the greatest impact on China. It brought Marxism-Leninism to China. From then on, the advanced elements in China began to accept and propagate Marxism-Leninism, and used the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the destiny of the country and reconsider their own problems.In 1919, the May 4th Patriotic Movement broke out in China.They shouted the slogan of "fight for the power of the country outside, punish the thieves inside", which got the warm response and support from the workers and students all over the country, so that the workers' movement quickly set off, and the May Fourth Movement won a major victory.

At the beginning of 1920, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao began to organize the Communist Party of China.In March of the same year, the Communist International sent Vyjingsky (Chinese name is Wu Tingkang) to China, which promoted the birth of the Communist Party of China.Vyjingsky first went to Beijing to meet with Li Dazhao, and then went to Shanghai to meet Chen Duxiu on Li Dazhao's recommendation, for further discussion on the establishment of the Party in China.After several months of deliberation, in August 1920, Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun, Li Da, Chen Wangdao, Shao Lizi and others established the initiator group of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai -- the Shanghai Communist Party Group.

From the autumn of the same year to the spring of 1921, Li Dazhao, Zhang Guotao and Deng Zhongxia worked in Beijing.Dong Biwu and Chen Tanqiu were in Hubei.Mao Zedong and He Shuheng in Hunan;Tan Pingshan and Chen Gongbo in Guangdong;Wang Zhimei, Deng Enming in Shandong;Shi Cuntong and Zhou Fohai also set up communist groups in Japan.At the same time, Zhao Shiyan, Zhou Enlai, Cai Hesen, Li Lisan and Wang Ruofei in France also started the party building activities.

3) The Founding of the Communist Party of China and its early revolutionary activities.

Through the various activities of the local communist groups, the conditions for the establishment of a unified Communist Party of China are increasingly ripe.In June 1921, the Communist International sent Ma Lin to China, suggested that the Shanghai group initiated the convening of the National Congress of the Party, in late July, the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai, the last day of the Congress, due to the French Concession patrol search, transferred to Zhejiang Jiaxing Nanhu held.The delegates to the conference are Mao Zedong, He Shuheng, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, Wang Mimei, Deng Enming, Li Da, Li Hanjun, Zhang Guotao, Liu Renjing, Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fahai and other 12 people, representing more than 50 party members.Chen Duxiu did not participate because of the matter, appointed Bao Hui Seng to participate, the Communist International on behalf of Marlin attended the conference.The congress adopted the Party Platform of the Communist Party of China, which clearly stipulated that the Party's goal was to overthrow the "capitalist regime" and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.The Party Platform also stipulates the organizational principles of democratic centralism and Party discipline.The congress finally chose Chen Duxiu, Zhang Guotao, Li Da to form the Central Bureau, and Chen Duxiu was the secretary of the Central Bureau.The first party announced the birth of the Communist Party of China, which is an epoch-making event in the history of China, has far-reaching historical significance.Since then, the Chinese proletariat has had wise organizers and leaders, and the face of the Chinese revolution has taken on a new look.

In July 1922, the Second National Congress of the Party was held in Shanghai.The congress issued a declaration on the basis of Lenin's theory on the issue of national colonies and the exploration of the basic problems of the Chinese revolution after the founding of the Party.It also clarified the nature, object and motive force of the Chinese revolution and formulated the Party's minimum program and highest program.The Party's minimum program, that is, the Party's program at the stage of democratic revolution, is to clear up internal strife, overthrow warlords, and build domestic peace;Overturn the oppression of international imperialism, achieve the complete independence of the Chinese nation, and unify China into a true democratic republic.The highest program is to establish the politics of labor and peasant dictatorship, eradicate the system of private property, and gradually reach the communist society.The General Assembly adopted the Resolution on the "United Front for Democracy" and the Resolution on Joining the Third International.The congress elected the central executive committee and Chen duxiu was elected chairman of the committee.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, in 1922 the Chinese workers' movement appeared for the first time the climax, the nationwide strike occurred more than 100 times, there are hundreds of thousands of people to participate in.Its direct leadership and organization is the Secretary of the Chinese Labor Organization, which was established in August 1921. The Secretary of the Secretary of the Department is Liu Shaoqi.The strike had the greatest impact on the workers of the Beijing-Han Railway on February 7, and was suppressed by the warlord Wu Peifu. The workers' movement was temporarily turned into a low tide.

In 1923 under the sponsorship of the communist international, was held in guangzhou in the third congress of the communist party of China, the general assembly to accept international executive committee of the communist party in this January 12, by resolution of the kmt-cpc cooperation in China shall decide all communist party members joined the KMT in the name of individuals, to establish the democratic class of united front.It affirmed that "it is appropriate for members of the Chinese Communist Party to remain in the Kuomintang," and pointed out that "merging with the Kuomintang must not be done at the cost of abolishing the unique political outlook of the Chinese Communist Party, and that the Party must maintain its original organization and strict centralized leadership."The congress elected Chen Duxiu as Chairman and Mao Zedong as Secretary, responsible for the daily work of the Central Committee.

Second, the period of the First Revolutionary Civil War -- the Northern Expedition.

As early as August 1922, after the West Lake Conference, the head of the Communist Party of China explained to Sun Yat-sen the proposition of realizing the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.Desperate after repeated defeats, Sun Yat-sen readily agreed, despite the objections of diehards within the Kuomintang.Sun yat-sen was in favor of reorganizing the kuomintang on democratic principles.In January 1924, with the help of the Communist Party of China, after more than a year of preparation, Sun Yat-sen held the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in Guangzhou attended by communists.The congress adopted the manifesto against imperialism and feudalism drafted with the participation of communists as its main contents, defined the three major policies of uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party and aiding farmers and workers, and reinterpreted Sun Yat-sen's old democracy.The congress also elected Li dazhao, Tan pingshan, Lin boqu, Mao zedong, qu qiubai and other communists to be executive members and alternate executive members of the kuomintang central committee.As a result of this congress, the Kuomintang has in fact been reorganized into a democratic alliance of workers, peasants, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie, and has become a united front organization of the revolutionary classes.In May 1924, with the help of the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party made joint efforts to establish the Whampoa Military Academy.The Huangpu Military Academy has trained a large number of cadres with revolutionary ideas, built up revolutionary forces, and played an important role in transforming the old army and building up revolutionary forces.

The victory of the Northern Expedition.

In February and June 1925, the National Revolutionary Army successively carried out two eastward expeditions, suppressed the rebellion of warlords Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan, and unified the revolutionary base area of Guangdong.At the beginning of 1926, under the direct care of Zhou Enlai, the Communist Party of China began to directly control part of the regular revolutionary forces by establishing the Fourth Army of the National Revolution under the direct leadership of Communists.In February 1926, the Nationalist Government of Guangdong decided to launch a Northern Expedition because of the darkness of most of the Central Plains under the rule of the Northern Warlords.The direct goal of the Northern Expedition was to overthrow the rule of the Northern Warlords.Its main enemies were the warlords Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, and Zhang Zuolin, totaling about 700,000 troops, out of a total of about 100,000 members of the National Revolutionary Army under the Nationalist Government of Guangdong.With the help of Soviet military advisers, the National Revolutionary Army formulated a strategic policy of annihilating each enemy, concentrated its forces and pushed forward in a straight line.First Wu Peifu was exterminated, then Sun Chuanfang and finally Zhang Zuolin, and the whole country was unified.The Northern Expedition was a great victory.Among them, the Communist Party directly led the Yeting Independent Regiment as the advance troops of the Northern Expedition for the victory of the Han Ma credit.

Chiang kai-shek and wang ching-wei betrayed the revolution and stole the victory of the northern expedition and the harm of Chen du-xiu's right capitulationism.

As early as in the period of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Kuomintang had been split into the struggle between the left and right. In August 1925, Liao Zhongkai, a famous leader of the Kuomintang who firmly supported the three policies of Sun Yat-sen, was assassinated by the reactionaries.Dai Jitao tried his best to squeeze out the Communists in the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-shek also stepped up his efforts to usurp the leadership of the revolution and set up the Communists. In March 1926, he launched the "Zhongshan Warship Incident", arrested the Communists in the First Army, and surrounded the provincial strike committee and the Soviet advisory office.In May, Chiang Kai-shek issued the "Sorting Out Party Business Cases", stipulating that no more than one third of Communist Party members should be executive members of Kuomintang Party offices at all levels.A Communist may not serve as head of any Kuomintang Central Department.Communists who join the Kuomintang must hand over lists of names, etc.In the face of Chiang Kai-shek's plot to usurp power, Chen Du-xiu repeatedly compromised and gave way, making Chiang Kai-shek's plot succeed step by step.

On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek sent the reactionary army to seize the workers' pickets under the direct leadership of the Communist Party of China, occupied the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, arrested and shot the revolutionary masses, and launched a counter-revolutionary coup d 'etat in public. Shanghai workers held protests and were bloody suppressed.On April 15, Chiang Kai-shek, in conspire with the Guangdong reactionaries, went to Canton to manufacture the "Four.The counterrevolutionary coup d 'etat of November 15 besieged the provincial port strike committee, disarmed the Whampoa Military Academy and the workers' vigilantes, arrested and shot communists and revolutionary masses.During this period, the outstanding leaders of our party, such as Li Dazhao, Chen Yannian, Zhao Shiyan, Wang Shouhua, Xiao Chunu and Xiong Xiong, sacrificed heroically.

Chiang kai-shek's counterrevolutionary atrocities aroused great indignation of the whole nation.The revolutionary masses in hunan, hubei, jiangxi and henan issued statements denouncing Chiang one after another.Communists Mao Zedong, Dong Biwu, Lin Boqu, Wu Yuzhang and other leftists of the Kuomintang Soong Ching Ling, Deng Yanda, He Xiangning and so on jointly issued a call to denounce Chiang Kai-shek's crimes.The Wuhan Kuomintang Central Committee and the Wuhan National Government issued an order to expel Chiang Kai-shek from the Party.Zhou Enlai, Zhao Shiyan, Luo Yinong, Chen Yannian, Li Lisan and others wrote to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to "promptly send troops to crusade against Chiang Kai-shek".But by this time Chiang Kai-shek's power was already established.At the critical juncture of the Chinese revolution, the Communist Party of China held the fifth national congress in Wuhan on April 27, 1927.The congress criticized Chen Tu-hsiu for making the mistake of neglecting to compete with the bourgeoisie for leadership.The question of the leadership of the proletariat is emphasized;But no practical solution was proposed.At the same time, hopes are still placed on wang ching-wei, especially after the congress elected Chen du-xiu as general secretary of the central committee, who continued his rightwing approach after the meeting.The Party's "five major organizations" were not able to shoulder the task of saving the revolution.After the party's "five major", the crisis in wuhan became more serious and apparent, and wang ching-wei group issued various declarations and orders in the name of the kuomintang central committee and wuhan government to attack and suppress the worker and peasant movement.They created the July 15 counterrevolutionary rebellion, then openly supported Chiang Kai-shek and massacred communists and revolutionary masses.However, Chen Duxiu and others tried to push Wang Ching-wei by capitulating.On June 30, the central congress of the Communist party of China adopted a resolution that further recognized the kuomintang as "of course the leader of the national revolution".To make wang ching-wei's reactionary flame more arrogant.On July 10, according to the instructions of the Communist International, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was reorganized, and five men, Zhang Guotao, Zhou Enlai, Li Weihan, Li Lisan, and Zhang Tailei, were formed to form the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, effectively eliminating Chen Duxiu from office.On July 13, the central government issued a statement on the current situation.Expose wang ching-wei's counter-revolutionary activities and order the communists who joined the national government to quit the government.Thus the defeat of the First Revolutionary Civil War was irretrievable.